Susan Noworolski, PhD

Professor
MSBI Director of Graduate Studies
ADJUNCT PROF-GENCOMP-B
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Biography

Dr. Noworolski is a Professor of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging and of the Graduate Group in Bioengineering. She is Director of Graduate Studies for the Masters of Science in Biomedical Imaging (MSBI) program at UCSF. Dr. Noworolski’s research focuses on developing magnetic resonance imaging techniques and quantitative analyses to enable robust interpretation of MR measures to characterize the anatomy, physiology, and pathology studied. She has been focused primarily on studying prostate cancer and metabolic health.

In the prostate cancer area, she has characterized MR signatures of the heterogeneous benign and cancerous tissues of the prostate through correlation of multiparametric MR imaging measures with histopathology of the prostate and has developed quantitative, multiparametric models to generate risk maps of cancer and of aggressive cancer in the prostate. She is currently leveraging these findings to facilitate characterizing the risk for men considering active surveillance of their prostate cancer. Her lab has been automating our tools and transitioning some of our analyses from traditional machine learning approaches to deep learning approaches when appropriate. Through this research, we are initiating translating these resources so they can be used clinically.

In the metabolic health area, she has extended earlier research covering diagnostic evaluation of fat, inflammation and fibrosis in the liver to characterize disease in individuals with HIV and hepatitis C infection and to assess interventions. With collaborators, she has demonstrated effects of short-term dietary changes on de novo lipogenesis and lipid storage in the livers of normal subjects and subjects, including children, with obesity and/or metabolic syndrome. Through traditional image processing and via convolutional neural network algorithms, her lab has automated the analyses of some of our more established metrics of fatty liver disease. Her lab is pursuing novel imaging techniques to aid in characterizing the effects of sleep apnea on mitochondrial function, in addition to other metabolic syndrome effects, and is studying the role of MR to characterize ectopic fat and fibrosis and their roles in metabolic health and as predictors of Type II diabetes.

Education

Ph.D., 1999 - Bioengineering, University of California, San Francisco & UC Berkeley
BS, 1991 - Biomedical Eng, Electrical Eng (satisfied req); Psychology (minor), The Johns Hopkins University

Honors and Awards

Distinguished Reviewer, Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging, 2011
Founders' Day Award - for significant volunteer service, for 9 yrs of promoting science education, Lincoln School, Burlingame, CA, 2004
Fellowship, UC Regents’, 1996-1997
Fellowship Achievement Award, College Scientists Foundation, 1995-1996
Fellowship, National Science Foundation, 1991-1994

Publications

Kato Y, Ambale-Venkatesh B, Naveed M, Shitole SG, Peng Q, Levsky JM, Haramati LB, Ordovas K, Noworolski SM, Lee YJ, Kim RS, Lazar JM, Anastos K, Tien PC, Kaplan RC, Lima JAC, Kizer JR. HIV, HIV-specific Factors and Myocardial Disease in Women. Clin Infect Dis. 2024 Feb 13.
Gibbons M, Simko JP, Carroll PR, Noworolski SM. Prostate cancer lesion detection, volume quantification and high-grade cancer differentiation using cancer risk maps derived from multiparametric MRI with histopathology as the reference standard. Magn Reson Imaging. 2023 06; 99:48-57.
Duarte M, Tien P, Ma Y, Noworolski SM, Korn N, Price JC. Controlled attenuation parameter accurately detects liver steatosis in people with HIV. AIDS. 2022 12 01; 36(15):2147-2152.
Olson E, Suh JH, Schwarz JM, Noworolski SM, Jones GM, Barber JR, Erkin-Cakmak A, Mulligan K, Lustig RH, Mietus-Snyder M. Effects of Isocaloric Fructose Restriction on Ceramide Levels in Children with Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk: Relation to Hepatic De Novo Lipogenesis and Insulin Sensitivity. Nutrients. 2022 Mar 30; 14(7).
Gibbons M, Starobinets O, Simko JP, Kurhanewicz J, Carroll PR, Noworolski SM. Identification of prostate cancer using multiparametric MR imaging characteristics of prostate tissues referenced to whole mount histopathology. Magn Reson Imaging. 2022 01; 85:251-261.
Yasmin Bains, Ayca Erkin-Cakmak, Russell Caccavello, Kathleen Mulligan, Susan Noworolski, Jean-Marc Schwarz, Robert Lustig, Alejandro Gugliucci. Abstract 16511: Isocaloric Fructose Restriction Improves Postprandial Chylomicron and VLDL Excursions in Adolescents With Obesity by Reducing Angiopoietin-Like Protein 3 and Apolipoprotein CIII. Circulation. 2020 Nov 17; 142(Suppl_3).
A. Gugliucci, Y. Bains, R. Caccavello, M. Wen, A. Erkin-Cakmak, K. Mulligan, R. Lustig, S. Noworolski, J.M. Schwarz. Short-Term Isocaloric Fructose Restriction Improves Postprandial Lipoprotein Subclass Profiles. Atherosclerosis. 2019 Aug 1; 287:e59-e60.
Erkin-Cakmak A, Bains Y, Caccavello R, Noworolski SM, Schwarz JM, Mulligan K, Lustig RH, Gugliucci A. Isocaloric Fructose Restriction Reduces Serum d-Lactate Concentration in Children With Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2019 07 01; 104(7):3003-3011.
Amita Shukla-Dave, Nancy A. Obuchowski, Thomas L. Chenevert, Sachin Jambawalikar, Lawrence H. Schwartz, Dariya Malyarenko, Wei Huang, Susan M. Noworolski, Robert J. Young, Mark S. Shiroishi, Harrison Kim, Catherine Coolens, Hendrik Laue, Caroline Chung, Mark Rosen, Michael Boss, Edward F. Jackson. Quantitative imaging biomarkers alliance (QIBA) recommendations for improved precision of DWI and DCE-MRI derived biomarkers in multicenter oncology trials. Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging. 2019 Jun 1; 49(7):i-i.
Muglia VF, Reis RB, Rocha TO, Silva AR, Noworolski S, Westphalen AC. Hypoenhancing prostate cancers on dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI are associated with poor outcomes in high-risk patients: results of a hypothesis generating study. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2019 02; 44(2):723-731.
Behr SC, Aggarwal R, VanBrocklin HF, Flavell RR, Gao K, Small EJ, Blecha J, Jivan S, Hope TA, Simko JP, Kurhanewicz J, Noworolski SM, Korn NJ, De Los Santos R, Cooperberg MR, Carroll PR, Nguyen HG, Greene KL, Langton-Webster B, Berkman CE, Seo Y. Phase I Study of CTT1057, an 18F-Labeled Imaging Agent with Phosphoramidate Core Targeting Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen in Prostate Cancer. J Nucl Med. 2019 07; 60(7):910-916.
Shukla-Dave A, Obuchowski NA, Chenevert TL, Jambawalikar S, Schwartz LH, Malyarenko D, Huang W, Noworolski SM, Young RJ, Shiroishi MS, Kim H, Coolens C, Laue H, Chung C, Rosen M, Boss M, Jackson EF. Quantitative imaging biomarkers alliance (QIBA) recommendations for improved precision of DWI and DCE-MRI derived biomarkers in multicenter oncology trials. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2019 06; 49(7):e101-e121.
Lee JE, Diederich CJ, Bok R, Sriram R, Santos RD, Noworolski SM, Salgaonkar VA, Adams MS, Vigneron DB, Kurhanewicz J. Assessing high-intensity focused ultrasound treatment of prostate cancer with hyperpolarized 13 C dual-agent imaging of metabolism and perfusion. NMR Biomed. 2019 10; 32(10):e3962.
Chapman CH, Braunstein SE, Pouliot J, Noworolski SM, Weinberg V, Cunha A, Kurhanewicz J, Gottschalk AR, Roach MI, Hsu IC. Phase I study of dose escalation to dominant intraprostatic lesions using high-dose-rate brachytherapy. J Contemp Brachytherapy. 2018 Jun; 10(3):193-201.
Starobinets O, Simko JP, Kuchinsky K, Kornak J, Carroll PR, Greene KL, Kurhanewicz J, Noworolski SM. Characterization and stratification of prostate lesions based on comprehensive multiparametric MRI using detailed whole-mount histopathology as a reference standard. NMR Biomed. 2017 Dec; 30(12).
Price JC, Dodge JL, Ma Y, Scherzer R, Korn N, Tillinghast K, Peters MG, Noworolski S, Tien PC. Controlled attenuation parameter and magnetic resonance spectroscopy-measured liver steatosis are discordant in obese HIV-infected adults. AIDS. 2017 09 24; 31(15):2119-2125.
Schwarz JM, Noworolski SM, Erkin-Cakmak A, Korn NJ, Wen MJ, Tai VW, Jones GM, Palii SP, Velasco-Alin M, Pan K, Patterson BW, Gugliucci A, Lustig RH, Mulligan K. Effects of Dietary Fructose Restriction on Liver Fat, De Novo Lipogenesis, and Insulin Kinetics in Children With Obesity. Gastroenterology. 2017 09; 153(3):743-752.
Starobinets O, Kurhanewicz J, Noworolski SM. Improved multiparametric MRI discrimination between low-risk prostate cancer and benign tissues in a small cohort of 5α-reductase inhibitor treated individuals as compared with an untreated cohort. NMR Biomed. 2017 May; 30(5).
Price JC, Ma Y, Scherzer R, Korn N, Tillinghast K, Peters MG, Noworolski SM, Tien PC. Human immunodeficiency virus-infected and uninfected adults with non-genotype 3 hepatitis C virus have less hepatic steatosis than adults with neither infection. Hepatology. 2017 03; 65(3):853-863.
Kardashian A, Ma Y, Scherzer R, Price JC, Sarkar M, Korn N, Tillinghast K, Peters MG, Noworolski SM, Tien PC. Sex differences in the association of HIV infection with hepatic steatosis. AIDS. 2017 01 28; 31(3):365-373.
Choi JY, Yang J, Noworolski SM, Behr S, Chang AJ, Simko JP, Nguyen HG, Carroll PR, Kurhanewicz J, Seo Y. 18F Fluorocholine Dynamic Time-of-Flight PET/MR Imaging in Patients with Newly Diagnosed Intermediate- to High-Risk Prostate Cancer: Initial Clinical-Pathologic Comparisons. Radiology. 2017 Feb; 282(2):429-436.
Gugliucci A, Lustig RH, Caccavello R, Erkin-Cakmak A, Noworolski SM, Tai VW, Wen MJ, Mulligan K, Schwarz JM. Short-term isocaloric fructose restriction lowers apoC-III levels and yields less atherogenic lipoprotein profiles in children with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Atherosclerosis. 2016 10; 253:171-177.
Starobinets O, Korn N, Iqbal S, Noworolski SM, Zagoria R, Kurhanewicz J, Westphalen AC. Practical aspects of prostate MRI: hardware and software considerations, protocols, and patient preparation. Abdom Radiol (NY). 2016 05; 41(5):817-30.
Lustig RH, Mulligan K, Noworolski SM, Tai VW, Wen MJ, Erkin-Cakmak A, Gugliucci A, Schwarz JM. Isocaloric fructose restriction and metabolic improvement in children with obesity and metabolic syndrome. Obesity (Silver Spring). 2016 Feb; 24(2):453-60.
Westphalen AC, Noworolski SM, Harisinghani M, Jhaveri KS, Raman SS, Rosenkrantz AB, Wang ZJ, Zagoria RJ, Kurhanewicz J. High-Resolution 3-T Endorectal Prostate MRI: A Multireader Study of Radiologist Preference and Perceived Interpretive Quality of 2D and 3D T2-Weighted Fast Spin-Echo MR Images. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2016 Jan; 206(1):86-91.
Schwarz JM, Noworolski SM, Wen MJ, Dyachenko A, Prior JL, Weinberg ME, Herraiz LA, Tai VW, Bergeron N, Bersot TP, Rao MN, Schambelan M, Mulligan K. Effect of a High-Fructose Weight-Maintaining Diet on Lipogenesis and Liver Fat. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015 Jun; 100(6):2434-42.
Flavell RR, Westphalen AC, Liang C, Sotto CC, Noworolski SM, Vigneron DB, Wang ZJ, Kurhanewicz J. Abnormal findings on multiparametric prostate magnetic resonance imaging predict subsequent biopsy upgrade in patients with low risk prostate cancer managed with active surveillance. Abdom Imaging. 2014 Oct; 39(5):1027-35.
Korn N, Kurhanewicz J, Banerjee S, Starobinets O, Saritas E, Noworolski S. Reduced-FOV excitation decreases susceptibility artifact in diffusion-weighted MRI with endorectal coil for prostate cancer detection. Magn Reson Imaging. 2015 Jan; 33(1):56-62.
Teruel JR, Burghardt AJ, Rivoire J, Srikhum W, Noworolski SM, Link TM, Imboden JB, Li X. Bone structure and perfusion quantification of bone marrow edema pattern in the wrist of patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a multimodality study. J Rheumatol. 2014 Sep; 41(9):1766-73.
Jennifer Daubenmier, Elissa Epel, Patricia Moran, Jean Kristeller, Michael Acree, Peter Bacchetti, Margaret Kemeny, Mary Dallman, Robert Lustig, Carl Grunfeld, Douglas Nixon, Jeffery Milush, Veronica Goldman, Michaela Kiernan, Susan Noworolski, Barbara Laraia, Frederick Hecht. A Randomized Controlled Trial of a Mindfulness-Based Intervention for Metabolic Health in Obese Adults. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine. 2014 May 1; 20(5):a15-a15.
Anwar M, Westphalen AC, Jung AJ, Noworolski SM, Simko JP, Kurhanewicz J, Roach M, Carroll PR, Coakley FV. Role of endorectal MR imaging and MR spectroscopic imaging in defining treatable intraprostatic tumor foci in prostate cancer: quantitative analysis of imaging contour compared to whole-mount histopathology. Radiother Oncol. 2014 Feb; 110(2):303-8.
Starobinets O, Guo R, Simko JP, Kuchinsky K, Kurhanewicz J, Carroll PR, Greene KL, Noworolski SM. Semiautomatic registration of digital histopathology images to in vivo MR images in molded and unmolded prostates. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2014 May; 39(5):1223-9.
M.M. Anwar, A.C. Westphalen, A. Jung, S. Noworolski, J. Kurhanewicz, J.P. Simko, P.R. Carroll, F.V. Coakley. Role of Endorectal MRI and MRSI in Defining the Dominant Intraprostatic Lesion in Prostate Cancer: Quantitative Analysis of Imaging Contour Compared to Whole-Mount Histopathology. International Journal of Radiation Oncology • Biology • Physics. 2012 Nov 1; 84(3):s403.
Noworolski SM, Lam MM, Merriman RB, Ferrell L, Qayyum A. Liver steatosis: concordance of MR imaging and MR spectroscopic data with histologic grade. Radiology. 2012 Jul; 264(1):88-96.
Qayyum A, Nystrom M, Noworolski SM, Chu P, Mohanty A, Merriman R. MRI steatosis grading: development and initial validation of a color mapping system. AJR Am J Roentgenol. 2012 Mar; 198(3):582-8.
Eatesam M, Noworolski SM, Tien PC, Nystrom M, Dodge JL, Merriman RB, Qayyum A. Liver diffusivity in healthy volunteers and patients with chronic liver disease: comparison of breathhold and free-breathing techniques. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2012 Jan; 35(1):103-9.
Li X, Yu A, Virayavanich W, Noworolski SM, Link TM, Imboden J. Quantitative characterization of bone marrow edema pattern in rheumatoid arthritis using 3 Tesla MRI. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2012 Jan; 35(1):211-7.
Reed G, Cunha JA, Noworolski S, Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron D, Hsu IC, Pouliot J. Interactive, multi-modality image registrations for combined MRI/MRSI-planned HDR prostate brachytherapy. J Contemp Brachytherapy. 2011 Mar 31; 3(1):26-31.
Chung HT, Noworolski SM, Kurhanewicz J, Weinberg V, Roach Iii M. A pilot study of endorectal magnetic resonance imaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging changes with dutasteride in patients with low risk prostate cancer. BJU Int. 2011 Oct; 108(8 Pt 2):E164-70.
Ghotb A, Noworolski SM, Madden E, Scherzer R, Qayyum A, Pannell J, Ferrell L, Peters M, Tien PC. Adipose tissue and metabolic factors associated with steatosis in HIV/HCV coinfection: histology versus magnetic resonance spectroscopy. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr. 2010 Oct; 55(2):228-31.
Noworolski SM, Reed GD, Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB. Post-processing correction of the endorectal coil reception effects in MR spectroscopic imaging of the prostate. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2010 Sep; 32(3):654-62.
Klifa C, Carballido-Gamio J, Wilmes L, Laprie A, Shepherd J, Gibbs J, Fan B, Noworolski S, Hylton N. Magnetic resonance imaging for secondary assessment of breast density in a high-risk cohort. Magn Reson Imaging. 2010 Jan; 28(1):8-15.
Noworolski SM, Tien PC, Merriman R, Vigneron DB, Qayyum A. Respiratory motion-corrected proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy of the liver. Magn Reson Imaging. 2009 May; 27(4):570-6.
Bahl M, Qayyum A, Westphalen AC, Noworolski SM, Chu PW, Ferrell L, Tien PC, Bass NM, Merriman RB. Liver steatosis: investigation of opposed-phase T1-weighted liver MR signal intensity loss and visceral fat measurement as biomarkers. Radiology. 2008 Oct; 249(1):160-6.
Noworolski SM, Vigneron DB, Chen AP, Kurhanewicz J. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI and MR diffusion imaging to distinguish between glandular and stromal prostatic tissues. Magn Reson Imaging. 2008 Oct; 26(8):1071-80.
Noworolski SM, Crane JC, Vigneron DB, Kurhanewicz J. A clinical comparison of rigid and inflatable endorectal-coil probes for MRI and 3D MR spectroscopic imaging (MRSI) of the prostate. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2008 May; 27(5):1077-82.
Kim Y, Hsu IC, Lessard E, Kurhanewicz J, Noworolski SM, Pouliot J. Class solution in inverse planned HDR prostate brachytherapy for dose escalation of DIL defined by combined MRI/MRSI. Radiother Oncol. 2008 Jul; 88(1):148-55.
Mark G. Swanson, Susan M. Noworolski, John Kurhanewicz. Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy and Spectroscopic Imaging of the Prostate, Breast, and Liver. Modern Magnetic Resonance. 2008 Jan 1; 1113-1125.
Ratiney H, Noworolski SM, Sdika M, Srinivasan R, Henry RG, Nelson SJ, Pelletier D. Estimation of metabolite T1 relaxation times using tissue specific analysis, signal averaging and bootstrapping from magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging data. MAGMA. 2007 Jun; 20(3):143-55.
S.M. Noworolski, R.G. Henry, D.B. Vigneron, J. Kurhanewicz. Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Normal and Abnormal Prostate Tissues as Defined by Biopsy, MRI, and 3D MRSI. The Journal of Urology. 2006 Apr 1; 175(4):1366.
Alterovitz R, Goldberg K, Pouliot J, Hsu IC, Kim Y, Noworolski SM, Kurhanewicz J. Registration of MR prostate images with biomechanical modeling and nonlinear parameter estimation. Med Phys. 2006 Feb; 33(2):446-54.
Kim Y, Hsu IC, Pouliot J, Noworolski SM, Vigneron DB, Kurhanewicz J. Expandable and rigid endorectal coils for prostate MRI: impact on prostate distortion and rigid image registration. Med Phys. 2005 Dec; 32(12):3569-78.
Noworolski SM, Henry RG, Vigneron DB, Kurhanewicz J. Dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in normal and abnormal prostate tissues as defined by biopsy, MRI, and 3D MRSI. Magn Reson Med. 2005 Feb; 53(2):249-55.
Noworolski SM, Fischbein NJ, Kaplan MJ, Lu Y, Nelson SJ, Carvajal L, Henry RG. Challenges in dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI imaging of cervical lymph nodes to detect metastatic disease. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2003 Apr; 17(4):455-62.
Fischbein NJ, Noworolski SM, Henry RG, Kaplan MJ, Dillon WP, Nelson SJ. Assessment of metastatic cervical adenopathy using dynamic contrast-enhanced MR imaging. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2003 Mar; 24(3):301-11.
Vigneron DB, Barkovich AJ, Noworolski SM, von dem Bussche M, Henry RG, Lu Y, Partridge JC, Gregory G, Ferriero DM. Three-dimensional proton MR spectroscopic imaging of premature and term neonates. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001 Aug; 22(7):1424-33.
Mueller-Lisse UG, Swanson MG, Vigneron DB, Hricak H, Bessette A, Males RG, Wood PJ, Noworolski S, Nelson SJ, Barken I, Carroll PR, Kurhanewicz J. Time-dependent effects of hormone-deprivation therapy on prostate metabolism as detected by combined magnetic resonance imaging and 3D magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Magn Reson Med. 2001 Jul; 46(1):49-57.
Dowling C, Bollen AW, Noworolski SM, McDermott MW, Barbaro NM, Day MR, Henry RG, Chang SM, Dillon WP, Nelson SJ, Vigneron DB. Preoperative proton MR spectroscopic imaging of brain tumors: correlation with histopathologic analysis of resection specimens. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2001 Apr; 22(4):604-12.
McKnight TR, Noworolski SM, Vigneron DB, Nelson SJ. An automated technique for the quantitative assessment of 3D-MRSI data from patients with glioma. J Magn Reson Imaging. 2001 Feb; 13(2):167-77.
Vigneron D, Bollen A, McDermott M, Wald L, Day M, Moyher-Noworolski S, Henry R, Chang S, Berger M, Dillon W, Nelson S. Three-dimensional magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging of histologically confirmed brain tumors. Magn Reson Imaging. 2001 Jan; 19(1):89-101.
Henry RG, Vigneron DB, Fischbein NJ, Grant PE, Day MR, Noworolski SM, Star-Lack JM, Wald LL, Dillon WP, Chang SM, Nelson SJ. Comparison of relative cerebral blood volume and proton spectroscopy in patients with treated gliomas. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol. 2000 Feb; 21(2):357-66.
Noworolski SM, Nelson SJ, Henry RG, Day MR, Wald LL, Star-Lack J, Vigneron DB. High spatial resolution 1H-MRSI and segmented MRI of cortical gray matter and subcortical white matter in three regions of the human brain. Magn Reson Med. 1999 Jan; 41(1):21-9.
Wald LL, Nelson SJ, Day MR, Noworolski SE, Henry RG, Huhn SL, Chang S, Prados MD, Sneed PK, Larson DA, Wara WM, McDermott M, Dillon WP, Gutin PH, Vigneron DB. Serial proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy imaging of glioblastoma multiforme after brachytherapy. J Neurosurg. 1997 Oct; 87(4):525-34.
Moyher SE, Wald LL, Nelson SJ, Hallam D, Dillon WP, Norman D, Vigneron DB. High resolution T2-weighted imaging of the human brain using surface coils and an analytical reception profile correction. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1997 May-Jun; 7(3):512-7.
Wald LL, Carvajal L, Moyher SE, Nelson SJ, Grant PE, Barkovich AJ, Vigneron DB. Phased array detectors and an automated intensity-correction algorithm for high-resolution MR imaging of the human brain. Magn Reson Med. 1995 Sep; 34(3):433-9.
Wald LL, Moyher SE, Day MR, Nelson SJ, Vigneron DB. Proton spectroscopic imaging of the human brain using phased array detectors. Magn Reson Med. 1995 Sep; 34(3):440-5.
Moyher SE, Vigneron DB, Nelson SJ. Surface coil MR imaging of the human brain with an analytic reception profile correction. J Magn Reson Imaging. 1995 Mar-Apr; 5(2):139-44.